Boiler structure



y 10, 1932- J. P. MORLEY ET AL 1,857,471

BQILER STRUCTURE Filed Aug. 30. 1928 8 Sheets-Sheet l May 10, 1932. J.P. MORLEY ETAL BOILER STRUCTURE Filed 50, 1928 8 jzets-7S}eet 2 w ,r

J. P. MORLEY ET AL BOILER STRUCTURE May 10, 1932.

Filed Aug. 30. 1928 8 Sheets-Sheet y 1931 J. P. MORLEY ETAL. 1,857,471

BOILER STRUCTURE F'ilad Aug. 30. 1928 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 M 27 27 r 2a" 2%43 44 J W,

BOILER STRUCTURE Filed Aug. 30, 1928 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 J9 Z ya Z7 'Zfl (i.6 V f 1g? 4/) 4 E U f m L? m a m J i 1; E; a a a a (f) w ggggg g nmqmmmmwm 5,

J. P. MORLEY ETAL BOILER STRUCTURE Filed Aug. 30. 192B 8 Sheets-sheaf. 6

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May 10, 1932.

J. P. MORLE Y ETAL BOILER STRUCTURE Filed Aug. 30, 1928 8 Sheets-Sheet 7May 10, 1932. J. P. MORLEY ETAL BOILER STRUCTURE Filed Aug. 30, 1928 8Sheets-Sheet 8 r\ E EdL E EC &

, A paratus inclu ing a plurality of spaced Patented May 10, 1932 UNITEDSTATES,

PATENT. OFFICE JAMES PATRIOK'MORLE'Y, OF MICHIGAN CITY, AND SIMON JOSEPH12017330, 0! LA FORTE, INDIANA, ABSIGNOR T0 BASTIAN-MORLEY COMPANY, 01LA. IOB'IE,

INDIANA, A CORPORATION OF INDIANA 3mm smucruaa Application filed Augustso, was; Serial No. acs,e4o.-

Our invention relates generally to liquid heating apparatus and has todo particularly with sectional boiler structure for use in connectionwith hot water heating systems, vapor systems, steam generating systems,etc., for

heating buildings and othersilnilar purposes;

One of the objects of our invention is to provide a simple, compact, hihly eflicient and inexpensive structure of the fore oing character whichincludes a plurality o sep arated water-containing and circulating unitsso arranged that products of combustion are caused to pass along incontact with the same in such a way'as to provide for a most ra id andeifective heating of the water in a m nimum length of time with aminimum of loss of the heat units fired.

Another ob'ect is to provide a heating ag- 111 containing sections whichare formed of a metal having a high co-eflicient of thermalconductivityand which are so constructed and arranged relative to each other thatgenerally vertical but tortuous gas-travel passages are formedtherebetween whereby the gases of combustion passing through such passaes areagi tated and (o-mingled to insure fiat all gases withinthegastravel and heabtransfer areas will be hot and fully effective;

Still anotherfobject is to provide gas-agitating means adapted toprevent the formation of cold, dead, inert and non circu'lating gasfilms along "the heat-transfer surfaces within the gas-travel areasthereby eliminatin insulation oftheheat transfer surfaces an d,consequently, aiding in the transfer of a maximum amount ofheat unitsthrough the heat-transfer surfaces. v

A further and more specific object is to provide the exterior wallsurfaces of some or all of the water-containin sections withasdeflecting devices wh'ic when the sections are assembled, extendhorizontally intothe as travel areas and serve to agitate and deect theupwardly'flowing gases of combustion and such devices are also formed ofa metal of high thermal-conductivity-and they increase the area of theheat-transfer surface along which the gases of combustion flow toobjects such an extent that a greater (and approximately the maximumnumber of heat units in suc products are a 'sorbed by such devices andthe section walls and transferred therethrou h to the water within thesections so quickly and is caused each section in staggered re ationwhereby,

when two sections are assembled 'fide by si e 1n the intended spacedrelation, the deflecting devices on each wall will not only assume astaggered relation with respect to each other but also to the devices onthe op osite wall and no two of the directl oppose devices on theopposed walls will he in the same horizontal plane. In furthercarryingout the of our invention, the deflecting and heat-transferring deviceson each section wall are of such length and so spaced vertically andlaterally that when the sections are assembled small vertical fluespaces are provided between the adjacent free ends of the devices? onthe op osed walls and similar spaces are provided betweenthe devices onthe same wall'so that there is no objectionable restriction to thegeneral upward flow of the gases of combustion. The gas-deflectingdevices are also so arran d that the hot gases of combustion are deected laterally against the walls of the fluid-*containing section'sthereby insuring greater heating 'cflicien'c-y from the heat unitsfired. 7

Another ob'ect is to provide for a sulficiently rapi circulation of thewater through the sections to maintain the desired temperature-(1ifi'erence between the heat-exposed wall surfaces and the water-bearingcy of the structure,

Still another object is to provide highly efficient means for insulatingthe heating apparatus to conserve the heat and to maintain the water ipits heated condition over long periods of t me, and to, at the sametime, insure against external influences ali'ecting the heatingfunctions of the structure as a whole. To this end," the assembledwater-containing sections are ;enclosed as a unit and dead-air spacesare provided around their exterior wall surfaces; and to simplify andcheapcn the structure the exteriorly-exposed section surfaces are formedto provide in conjunction with an outer covering, t1e foregoing dead-airspaces. This feature of our invention provides also for the mounting ofthe heating a paratus in small and confined spaces without danger ofoverheating adjacent wall surfaces and other objects.

A further obj act is toprovide a novel form of means for sealing the endspaces between the several. sections, such means being selfsupportingand easily detachable for readily inspectin and cleaning. the gastravelspaces between t e sections.

Additional objects are to provide a relatively large heat-transferringsurface within a small gas-travel area to provide for heating the waterto the desired temperature in a single traverse through a relativelyshort water-traverse space; to rovide a sectional boiler structurewherein the parts are so constructed and arranged that they may beeasily and quickly assembled and disassembled; to provide a unitarstructure, the capacity of which may be rea ily varied by the additionor removal of sections; to insure a long life for the boiler sections byeliminating insulating, and other, conditions which might tend to causethem to burn-out and to provide for a minimum of fuel consumption withJnaximum benefit derived from the fuel fired whereby operating costs arereduced to a minimum.

Other objects and advantages have to do with details of construction andarrangement of parts which will become obvious as'this descriptionprogressesand by reference to the drawings, wherein,--

Figure 1 is a front elevational view of a preferred form of waterheating apparatus embodying our invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged separated elevational view of one of the endwater-containing sections and showing the inner face thereof;

Fig. 3 'is a separatedelevational view of an intermediatewater-containing section, the heat-transfer and deflecting projectionson one wall being shown in full lines and part of the rojections on theother wall heing shown in otted lines to more clearly illustrate therelative positions of these. projections on the op 'tewalls of suchsection;

' ig. 4 is'an enlar d vertical sectiontak'en transversely throug thelower part of the structure of Fig. 1 at substantially the positionindicated at line 4-4 of Fig. 10; the upper portion of the structurebeing cut away for convenience in illustration;

5 is an enlarged front view, partially in section, of theassemble'dsections in their separated relation, the covering-shell and0t ier parts being removed;

Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken substantially on line 6() of Fig. 5 andshowing the relative positions of the projections on the opposed wallsurfaces of the sections;

Fig. 7 is a horizontal section taken beneath the water-containingsections, and above the burner units, substantially at a positionindicated by line. 7-7 of Fig. 10;

Fig. 8 is an enlar ed horizontal section Ehrough the mid-portion of thestructure of Fig. 9 is a detail sectional view taken sub stantially online 99 of Fi 8 and illustrating the position of and the mounting theplates for sealing the end spaces between the sections;

Fig. 10 is a vertical section taken substantially at'a positionindicated by line 10-10 ofFig.8;and

Fig. 11 is an enlarged sectional view through theburner structure andits support taken substantially on line 11-11 of Fig. 10.

The structure which we have chosen to illustrate our invention isgasfired and is adapted for use in connection with a househeatin system.It includes a rectangularly shapeafouter shell 15 (Fi 's. 1 and 8) whichis formed, preferably, 0 four sections 15 front), 15' (rear), 15" (end)and 15 (end)- astened together as a rigid unit by corner angle-straps16. A flue structure 17, including the flue discharge pipe 18, issupported by the u per edges ,of the shell sections.

The s ell 15 encloses the water heating and circulating apparatus whichincludes a pluraliiy of detachable water-containing sections igs.4, 7and 8). In the form shown, we employ six sections, two of which are endsections 19, 20 an the remainder intermedi-' ate sections 21, 22, 23-and24, As will become obvious hereinafter the number of intermedi atesections may be varied to vary the capacity of the apparatus.

These sections are mounted vertically side by side inspaced relation(Figs. 4, 5, and8) providing so-called gas-travel passages or fluestherebetween. The end sections 19, 20 extend from the floor, or othersupporting surface, to the flue structure and serve to support theentire apparatus as will be described ater. All of the sections are'liollow to rovide waterspaces and the lower parts 0 the manner of endsections are shaped to form hollow water k legs 193,20 (Figs. *1 and 5).These water leg portions form the ends of acombustion chamber 25. Theseends'ections' are provided with internal webs 26' which add suflicientscribed strength to such sections as to render them capable ofwithstanding the pressure of the water, as well as the expansion andcontraction conditions, without distortion and other detrimentaleiiects. 'lh ese webs are so located that they do not obstruct thedesired free circulatory action of the water and ready draining of thesections.

The intermediate sections are shorter than the end sections and theirbottoms terminate,

preferably, in the plane of the upper portions of the end section waterlegs 19, 20 so that such bottom portions define the top of thecombustion chamber 25. These intermediate sections are each providedwith strengthensections. i

Each of the sections 19. to 24, inclusive, is provided at the bottomportion with a simiarly shaped and located hollow cylindrical andopcn=ended boss 27, the opposed faces of which are extended to formreduced annular shoulders 28, 28 which are adapted to receive one end ofa connection-support nipple or bushing 29 (F gs. 5 and 6). The top frontportions of the sections are provided with bosses and shoulders 39, 40and 40 similar to the lower bosses and shoulders 27, 28. and 28 inc;webs 26 similar to the webs 26 of the 0nd "respectively, and they areadapted to also receive.connection-support nipples similar to thenipples 29. When the sections are asscmbled (Figs. 4 and 5) theshoulders 28 and 28' of the lower bosses and the shoulders 40 and 40' ofthe upper bosses are, preferably,

brought together in abutting relation. The

nipples or bush ngs 29 are barrel-shaped so that when the sections aresobrought toge her a fluid-tight flow connection is established at the topand bottom between adjacent sections. The right hand end section(lookingat Fig. 1) is provided at the rear with an inlet 65 and theotherend section is provided with a service outlet 66 so that the water, orother fluid takes a'gener'ally upward circulatory course from the inletthrough the sections to the outlet. The bosses and shoulders at thetopand' bottom of the sections serve to space the sections to a predetermined extent to form the gas-travel passages therebetween and they.together with the nipples 29 serve to supportthe intermediate sectionsas will. now be more fully do The end sections top and bottom edges w thbifurcate lugs 30, 31 and 32 and a reinforced boss 33 having an openingtherethrough (Figs. 2, 7. and 10).

These lugs and bosses are adapted to receive the ends of tierods 35, 86,37 and 38 which are long enough to extend from one end sec tion to theother. These rodsmay be of ordi nary construction having a head at oneend and threads at the other end to receive a nut {56" (Figs. 7 and'SThe sections are adusted to and held'in the relation shown in are eachprovided at their the drawin s by applying the tie rods as described anby tightening the nuts 36'. It willbc understood that while wepreferably arrange the adjacent sections so that the respective bossshoulders 28, 28', 40, add 40.

abut each other for increased rigidity and support, yet they may bespaced apart to form larger gas-travel passages witl'iout departing fromour invention. i

The opposite walls of each intermediate section are provided with aplurality of l1orizontal rows of spaced integral projections 41, 41which. are rectangularly-sbaped in outline and which taper in thicknessfrom the section-wall surface to their free ends. When the sections areassembled asa unit, these projections project horizontally within thegas-travel passages formed between the sec tions and serve toincreasethe heat-absorbing and transferring surface as well as to co- .minglethe gasesof combustion in the gas travel passage in such a manner as toincrease *the heating eiiiciency of such gases as will be of such-lengththat when two intermediate sections arebrou ht together (Figs. 3. 4, '5.and 8) the projec ions on the opposed faces do not extend far enough toproject ent rely to or beyond the vertical plane in which the free edgesof the projections on the opposed section "wallslie. We have found inpractice that excellent results may be obtained by spacing the opposedfree ends of these projections approximately ,41 inch apart. We havealso found that excellent results mav be obtained bv sim-ilarlvspacingthe side edges of the staggered project-ions on the same sectionwall surface as ind cated at B (Fig. 8). Such. spacing provides apluralitv of vertical flue spaces B between'the projections onthe samesection wall and a vertical flue space A (Fig. 8) between the ends ofnroiections on onnosed faces substantiallv 14; inch in width in bothinstances. It is to be understood that The and sections are providedwith projecti'ons 42 and 42" corresponding respectively to theprojections 41 an 41 on the intermediate sections. The projections onthe righthand end section 20 (looking at Figs. 4 and 5) are arrangedsimilarly (in staggered relation to each other) to the projections 41*on the intermediate sections and the projections 42 on the left-hand endsection are arranged similarly to the pro'ections 41 on the intermediatesection; an when the end sections are brought together in the properrelation ship to the intermediate sections (Figs. 4 and 5), theprojections on the opposed section faces of each end section and theadjacent in: termediate section assume a staggered posi- "tion verticalland laterally as explained in connection with the opposed faces of twointermediate sections. lVith such an arrangewent, all of theintermediate sections may be of similar construction and interchangeablethereby reatly facilitating addition and removal 0 sections to vary thecapacity of the apparatus. The tie rod arrangement, as Well as the modeof supporting the intermediate,

sections, also facilitates the handling of the sections for replacement,repair, etc., purposes. I

The bottom 'ortions of the intermediate sections are we ge shaped, beingta cred inwardly as at 43, 44 so that, when he inter mediate sectionsare placed side by side, flared throats or entrances 44 leading to thegas travel passages between the sections are provided. The inner wallsurface of the end sections adjacent the top of the. Water-leg portions19, 20", and in alignment with the tapered surfaces 43, 44 of theintermediate sections. are tapered in opposite directions so that theyform with the adjacent interme diate sections flared throats orentrances 44* similar to those between the intermediate sections. Thesethroats srve to initially receive and direct the hot gases of combustioninto the gas-travel passages between the sections as will be obviousfrom Fig. 4. Due to the arrangement of the projections 41 41, 42 and 42on the section walls, the'gases entering and flowing upwardly throughthe gastravel spaces between the sections are caused to take a tortuousath, such gases being deflected laterally 0t the passage between thesections as well as in an endwise direction so that all gases passingthrough the space between the sections are co-mingled and ke t in motionto prevent the formation of coo inert, non-circulating and insulatinggas films at any point along the surface of the sections.

If the projections were not arran ed in the manner above described so asto car a vertical and lateral staggered relation with respect to theprojections on one face as well as the projections on the opposed face,there would be a tendency for the gases traveling upwardly under theinfluence of the draft in the flue structure to take the easiestvertical path and to by-pass the inner corner surfaces on the both sidesof the projections. If

the gases were permitted to by-pass these inner corner spaces, cool,dead, and inert gas films and ockets would be formed at that point whichwould tend to insulate the adjacent section surface against the oncomingletter gases and the heat from such gases would be substantially alllost. Our inven tion rovides against such a condition. Speci cally, byreference to Figs. 4, 5, '6, and 8, it will be seen that, with ourstaggered arrangement of the projections, the gases in passing upwardlyare deflected laterally in a plurality of directions and directly intothe inner corner spaces indicated at C so that the gases at that point(and throughout the gastravel passages) are alwa s in motion and areactive hot gases, and all benefit of the heat thereof may be received bya transfer of the same through the projections and the section wall tothe water therein. The lateral spacing between the projections on thesame section wall and between the ends of the sections on opposed wallsprovide for the desired freedom in the upward circulation action.Furthermore, .these re'ctangularly sha ed projections, in deflecting thegases latera ly, cause such gases to strike directly against thevertical wall spaces of the sections between the projections whereby agreater number of the heat units fired are transferred directly throughthe section walls and the heating elliciency of the structure is greatlyincreased.

In addition to the foregoing functions of the projections 41, 41, 42 and42, they also greatly increase the heat-exposed wall area of thesections whereby an exceedingly high percentage of the heat units in theproducts of combustion are absorbed and transferred to the fluid withinthe sections. Thus, the fluid within the sections is heated rapidlycausing a rapid circulation of the fluid, and, as'will be wellunderstood, this rapid circulation tends to maintain the fluid-contactedsurfaces of the sections at.a relatively low temperature as compared tothe temperature of the outer surfaces thereof. As a result of themaintenance of this proper temperature difl'crcnce, the transfer of heatthrough the projections and the section wall surfaces is uniform andrapid thereby aiding in the absorption of a high percentage of the heatunits contained in the products of combustion. The rapid circulatoryaction and the maintenance of this temperature difference prevents theformation of lime deposits, bubbles, etc., along the heat-transferringsurfaces and eliminates other insulating conditions whereby the heattransferring action is such as to prevent overheating and burning out ofthe heat-exposed surfaces. As further results of this arrangement, thefluid is heated to substantially the desired temperature in its singletraverse through the boiler structure; and such heating is accomplishedwith a minimum of fuel loss and, conseguently at a lower operating costthan in evices heretofore use Any desired form of fuel ma. be employedfor heating f'purposes, In the i lustrated embodiment our inventiom wehave shown an arrangement wherein gas is, used as the fuel.

Specifi callyfwe provide the combustion cham her inclusive. The ends ofthe combustion chamber, as above describedyare formed by the water legs19, 20 of the end sections and the front and back of the sam'e' areformed by suitable plates and 46 (Fig. 7). Within the combustionchamber,we provide a battery of burners47 ('Figs. ,f 4, 7 and 11), one disposedcentrally beneath each of the throats 44 leading between tliesections.Each of these "burners comprises 'a head including three -lon tudinallyextending and spaced as distri uting bars47flf47", and 47-each avirig alurality of gas discharge orifices 48. The urner eads aresupported uponmixture distributors49"whic h extend outno 'munication with the] gasdistributing bars wardly through suitable openings in the front plate 45of'the combustion chamber for conmotion to a gas-distributor manifold50. The inner end of each mixture distributor 49 is turnedupwardlyand-is provided with a slightly ta cred seat 55.- Each burner'head isprovide with a central chamber 56 in comand which has an openingb'l onits hinderside adapted to receive the inner tapered end of thedistributor 49. The cap of the openh1g5? is shaped complementll'l y tothe inner end of the distributor 4930 that the weight of the burner headwedges the same tightly upon the distributor to provide the desiredgas-tight joint at'that point (Fig. 11).

The burners are'supported within thecombustion chamber as follows:'U-blocks 5 1 are formed on the lower surfaces of the end sections (Fig.10) 'andthe'y receivethe-ends of an invertedchnnnelstrip 5'2. Thehorizonto! web of the channel strip is provided with 1 aplurality oflongitudinal slots (one or each e 58 of a depending projection'54 on theurner-mixture burner) for receiving the ten distributor 49. "The supportis completed by the connectionbetween'the outer end of the mixturedistributor 49 and the manifold 50,

the manifold being supported by suitable brackets 60 attached tothe'front plate 45 oi the combustion chamber (Figs. 7, 8 and 10). Tomaintain the burners 'inhorizontal alinement upon the mixturedistributor seat 55; and to prevent relative rotation of the same, weprovide the burner head with a depending lug 58 which extends'betweenthe bifurcated lug 59 on the mixture distributor-49 as clearlyillustrated in Figs.;4 andlD. "Equal distri-- bution of the hot gases ofcombustion is aided by spacing the gas distribliting bars 47, 47",

and 47 a predetermined distance and by s acmg adjacent burners so thatthe adjacent are located beneath the sections 19 to 24,

projecting webs 79 (Fi 1 extend inwardly tower each other when thethereof assume the some spaced relation as the bars of the same burneras clearly shown in Fig. 7.- In the foregoing manner, the

burners and associated partsare y supported and maintained in a centralposition 'ordischarging the hot gases of combustion directly into thethroats 44 between the sections and thence u wardly through thegastrave'l passagesto e flue structure 17 The supply of gas to themanifold 50 ma becontrolled-in any desired manner (manu ly,electrically, etc.) but we preferably. control the same automatically bythe temv erature of the fluid in one ofv the sections. n the drawings,we have illustrated generally such a control, but since this controlforms no part of our present invention, we will not show and describethe same in detail. Generally, we ma provide in the supply pipe 9.

pressure regu ator 61 (Fl .1) andan electricall -actu ated device (soenoid or the like) 62 wh ch operates under the influence of thetemperature of the water to reduce or entirely cut oil the flow of fuelto the burner as the conditions of operation may require. 'As

shown clearly in Fig. 71 we also employ pilot burners 63 for theusua purose, such pilots being under the control of e ectric pilot-controldevices 64 which function, as it is well known, in conjunction with theelectric device 62 to cut oil the main suppl of gas'to the burners ifthe pilots 63shou d, for any reason, fail. This arrangement renders thestructure fool-proof and safe in operation. It

combustion chamber. These doors may, be

provided with'a plurality. of transparent o enin 15, which tions 0theconditions within the combustion chamber.

The ends (front and rear) of the orgas-travel passages betweenthesections are closed to confine the gases of combustion totheheat-transfer area between the sections. Specifically, we employ at eachend of each such space a scalp ate 76 (Fl 8 and 9).

The sections are provided wit up or projecting' webs 77 and 78 and loweraterall.

. '2, 8, and 6) whic sectionsare assembled. "The-ends of the sealplatesfifi seat upon these webs toentirely close the end spaces of thesections. The seal plates (Fig. 9) are provided with inwardly extendingand downwardly-inclined lugs 76' rmit of casual observa- 1 which arelong enough and are so positioned along the plates as to hook over thead'acent projections 41, 41", 42, and 42" of t e and and intermediatesections'to support the plates. The weight of each of the plates 7 6 1Ssuflicient to wedge the same inwardly and tightly against the adjacentend surfaces of the sections to seal the plate a ainst such surfaces.This wedging action a so prevents accidental displacement of the platesbut, at

the same time, renders them qu1te easily removable without theattachment of any parts such as bolts, nuts", etc.

Another important feature of our invention is the manner of insulatingthe water-containing sections so as to conserve heat, to maintain thewater in its heated condition for maximum period of time and, generally,to prevent outside influences from afl'ectin the functioning of theheatin apparatus an 4 to increase the efliciency of t e apparatus as awhole. In carryin out this feature of our invention, we rovide aninsulating jacket and end insulation sections extend from the top to thebottom of the shell. These insulation sections are associated with theadjacent surfaces of the fluid-containing sections in such a way thatseparated dead air spaces are formed entirely around the exterior, ex

osed walls of the assembled section-unit. pefcifically, the oppositeends of the fluidcontaining sections are rovided with a plurality ofspaced, paral el and horizontally extending ribs 80, 80, which extend,preferabl almost across such end surfaces. The I on surfaces of theendasectiqns 19, 20 are extended, as at 19" 20 to form vertical flangesprojecting beyond the outer wall of the end sections. provided withspaced, parallel and horizontal ribs 81, 81', extending entirelythereacross from the flange at one end edge to the flange at the otherend edge. The seal plates 7 6 are also provided with ribs 76" whichalign, re-

spectlvely, with the ribs on the ends of the sections; and the rearcombustion chamber plate 46 is likewise provided with ribs 46 similar tothe ribs 81 on the adjacent and acket is assections. When-the insulatingigs- 11 4, 7,

sembled upon the sectionunit,

and 8) the inner face ofthe ront-insulat-- in section 15 abuts the outerends of tlie ribs 80 (front) so as to divide the front surface into aplurality of dead air pockets 82 ture 17 and are carried away throughThe end section outer walls are (Fig. 10); the rear insulating section15'.

abuts the rear wall ribs forming dead air pockets 83; and the endinsulatingsections right(looking at Fig. 1) through the inlet pipe 651mlthis fluid circulates generally upward throu h the sections being, atthe same time, heats to substantially the desired tempfrature, and iteventually passes outwardl t rough the service or discharge pi (i6 wliicmay lead to heat-radiating devices in the building to be heated or toany other desired discharge point. The spent gases of combus tion wh chpass between the fluid-containing sections are discharged through thetop-open spaces between the sections into the flue structhe flue pipe18. Drain connections 86, 86 (Fig. '4) are provided at the bottom ofeach water leg 19, 20. for conveniently drainin the sections. Thesedrains may be contro ed in an desired manner, and one or both ma be useIn some instances, the drain connections 86, or a similarly locatedconnection, may be utilized as the fluid inlet.

. Near the uplper end of the right hand end section 20, an connectedtherewith, we provide a pop-valve structure, 67 of ordinary form as anadditional safety measure, in case other of the safety devices shouldfail. We

also provide a further safety structure 68 of well-known form which isconnected-t0 the right end section and which functions,

preferably, under electrical control in conunction withgtheelectricaldevioe 62 to cut off the 'gas supfly in case the fluid in thesec tion is reduce below the desired level or in casethe fluid inthesections becomes too hot or the steam g3, glass water-gauge 70 landevel-test-coc .Whilefwe have shown and described only one form ofstructure-embed in our invention, it will ,be understoo t at variouschanges in details and arrangement of parts maybe made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of our invention as defined by the claimswhich follow.

We claim:

, ressure gets too high. The structure 68 inc udes the usual Pressuregau e .1. In a lltfilltl heater, a combustion chamberla plura ty ofhollow liquid-containing sections arranged side by side in spacedrelation, the spaces between said sections form fee 'I the other wall.

new"; a I

within the gas-travel area between said sections, said projections onone section'wall being staggered vertically and horizontally withrespect to those on the opposed section throu b. said passageslengthwise and sidewise ereof beneath the projectionson both opposedfaces.

2. In a liquid heater, a combustion chamher having meansthereinjordischarging hot gases of combustion-;-a plurality of spaced hollowfluid-containing sections, the spaces a between said sectionsconstituting gas-travel passa es through which the gases of combos.

2 tion ow, and-the walls of which constitute heat-'absorption-transfersurfaces a plural-. "ity of rows of spaced'heat-absorbing transferprojections on the opposed walls of said sections, said projections in(me.- row of each wall'being staggered with respect tothc adjacentprojections on that same wall-area, the

- said projections on opposedwalls beingalso staggered with res ect toeach'othcr, alsaid pro ections exten ng horizontally into the respectivegas travel passage.-

3. In ahquid heater, a combustion chamher having means therein fordischargin hot-"gasesof combustion; a plurality o "spaced hollowfluid-containing sections, the

travel passages through which gases of comb'usti'on flow from saidcombustion chamber, and the walls of which constituteheat-absorption-transfer surfaces; a lurality of rows of solid-section,rectangu arly-shaped and spaced heat-absorbin transfer projectionsextendi integrally ma horizontal direction from t eopposed walls ois-aid sec tions, said'proj actions iii-one row of each wall beingstaggered'with respect to the adjacent projections on that same wallarea, the said projections on opposed walls 'beingalso sta gered withrespect toeachotlier,- all said projections extending horizontallyinlosaid 59 gas-travel passage, and the planeof thelendsr I 0f theprojections onone wall is spaced from ,the plane of the: endspof the-.'pro' ections fon:

4. In a liquid heater a combustion -bliam her-having means fordischarging hot gases ofcombustion; apluralityjofspar-zedfluidcontaining. circulating sections,..the=:"spaces between, said sectionsconstituting gas'travel 63 :en es; aplurality of horizontal rows of jl'ections in adjacent rows on the samewall 'e'ing staggered with'res ect to each-other and thespacing betweent c said projections on the same wall being so arranged that relaj "I'tively small vertical r her having means for discharging hot walltopositively deflect the gases flowing "spaces between said sectionsconstituting gasac inte ral rojections extending-"from e "oppose wal sof81116 sect10ns,thc pro-a lpassages are; rovided along thatsame walbetween ea projections, and the adjacent of said rejections on theopposed walls being dispose instaggered relation to each other so thatthe free ends of said opposite. projections are notjdireetly v oppositeeach other.

5. In a liquid beats a combustion chamgases of combustion; a plurality ospaced uidcontaining circulating sections, the spaces arranged instaggere relation to each other so that the free ends of said oppositeo-.

jections are. not directly opposite each 0 er, and the plane of the endsof the rejections on one wall is spaced from the p ane of the ectionsvin adjacent rows ontthe same wall ends of the projections on the'otherwali whereby. a relatively small, unobstructed, vertical fluespace is provided at thecenter of said gas-travel passage substantiallyof the outline-size of said sections, a.

6. In a'fluid heater, thecombination of a fire chamber, a. lurality .offluid containing sections dispos in spaced relation, a dischargefiueabove said sections, the spaces between said sectionsbeing incommunication with said fire chamber and flue and heat ab sorbingdevicesextending horizontally and projecting. laterally irom the'iexteriorWalls ofsaid sections into'thespaces therebetween, said devices beingarranged in rows and the devices in each row on each wall bein spacedand the devicesin adjacent rows on t 1e same well being stir gered, andthe devices on opposite wa Is 0% said section's bein so'located a stagered relation whereby the free ends of said evices extendin into saidspace arenot directly op its eac other, 7. In it did heatenthecombination ,of a

fii'e chamber, a .plurality of contii ining fsections disposedinspacedrelatiom-a dis wall bein sta eredfandthe devices on opposite weis o said-sections being so located with. respect to. each other thatthe devices ng laterally from the exteriorwalls' of said sections intothe spaces therebetween, no

with respect to each other that tey assume on one wall are offsetvertically and laterally with respect to the devices on the opposed wallwhereby products of combustion enterin'g said space from said firechamber are deflectedlaterally in all directions within said space andparticularly" into the corner spaces formed between said devicesand-their'supporting, walls.

8. A 1i uid heater comprising a-combustion cha' or from which aredischarged hot Qga's'esjofcombustion; a flue structure; a'pluifralitofrliquid-containing sections mounted side y s de in spaced relationforming gas s I travel passagestherebetween.which are in communicationat one end with saidcombustion' chamber andat the other end with saidflue structure; and heatabsorption deflect1on I means carried by theexterior walls'ofsaid sections and associated with said gaS travelpassages for increasing the heat transfer area withinsaifd ire-travelpassages, said means comprising at-Qfa'ceprojections extending may fromthe walls of saidsectionasaid pro:- jectibhs'dh one face of'a sectionbeing so ositioned thatthey are offset vertically and -orizontally:relative to the projections on the face of the op osed sectiornandtheverticaband horizonta offsetting of said projections on opposed facesbeing of such dimension that 1 5 deflected from one projection towardtheopposed section travel upwardly andsub stant ally directly beneaththe next-above vertically offset projection wherebythe gastrav'e'lpassage areas beneath said proj ections' as at constantly sweptpositively by hot gases.

95A li uid heater comprising a combustion chamlier from which aredischarged hot gases of combustion; a flue structure; a-plurality ofliquid-containing sections mounted side byside in spaced relationforminggastravel passages therebetw'een which are in commwiica'tion,atone end with said combos 'tion chamber and at the other end with" saidflue structure; a plurality of horizontal projections extending fromsaid sections v into said gas t'ravel passe es and arranged'inhorizcntal rows, the proiections in adjacent rows beingsta'ggered wit 1res act to each other;

walls being so displaced with respect to each other tliat theprcqection's on one wall are ofi' set vertically and laterally withrespect to the projectipns on" theother wall so that they do notextehd'end'toend. i i v 10. A liquid heater comprising a combus tionchamber from which are'discharg ed hot:

gas es of combustion; a flue structureggaphrrallt ofliQUidcOQtaihingsectiBnS mounted side y; relation forming gasitrarf-passages'tlierebetwcen which are incommunication at one-end withsaid combus tion chamber and at the other end with said fluestru'cture;a plurality of solid section,

flatfhorizontal projections extending from saidsections into saidgas-travel passages and and the projections on t e opposed section umenarranged in horizontal rows,the projections in adjacent rows beinstaggered with respect to each other; and t'e project-ions on each wellin each row havin thelr adjacent edges so spaced as to provgierelatively narrow vertical spaces between the projections 'alon thesection wall, and the projectionsbeing o said unit; and means forinsulating said unit 7 including aninsulating jacket surrounding saidunit; theouter iwall surfaces, of said unit hav ng connected verticaland horizontalribs definin sections which engaged b 7 said Jacket ormrelativelysmall, confine 1 deadair' pockets between said jacketrand-unit.- v

12. In aliquid heater; a pluralit of liquids containing sections securedtoget er. side by side in spaced relation to form gas-travel passagestherebetween, means for discharging bot gaseswof combustion intos'aidpassages; and meansfor insulating .said sections includin raheat-insulating jacket (disposed around t e exposed walls of saidassembled sectionsr said sect-ions having their-outer exposedwallsribbed vertically andzhorizontaly whereby when said'acket is laced.there around in contact wit said ri srelatively small, confineddead-air: insulating spaces are 7 formed between said jacket-andthe-adjacent 13. In 41, liquid-heater, end; liquid-containing sections;intermediate liquid-containing sections between; said sections; means'forrigidly-secu ring all said sectionstogether sideby-side in-verticalspaced'relation as a unitary structure; means-w iojr -passingf hot gasesof combustion between said assembled sections a plurality of spacedmembers ,pro-

je cting horizontally from the end walljsurfaces of all said sections;avpluralityioj similar" members projecting-v verticallyand hori--zontall from-theouterzrandnex seed jside wallso}saideiidisections;-andajac et formed of insulating material surrounding;all :said

sectionsand almttingv said members to provide separatedconfined dead airspaces between; said jacketfand the section surfacescarrying'saidrmembers. v a

14;;In a-liquid heater, end liquid-containing' sections ;iintermediateliquid-cont ining sections-between said end sections gmeans for by sidein vertical spaced relation ;:-means for passlnghot'gases ocombustionbetween said rigidlysecurin'g all said sections together sideassembledsecliiions; and insulating means in- I cludingzspaced,parallel, horizontally and numerous points in said gastravel areawhereby the gases are caused to swirl throughout said area, against thevertical side-wall surfaces of said sections in the generally-upwardtravel of the gases.

In witness whereof, we have subscribed our names.

JAMES PATRICK MORLEY.

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION.

Patent No.il,857,47l.

JAMES PATRICK MORLEY ET AL.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specificationof the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 9,line 16, claim l5, for the word "confer" read confine; and thatthe saidLetters Patent should be read with this correction therein that the samemay conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 21st day of June, A. D. 1932.

M. J. Moore;

(Seal) Acting Commissioner of Patents.

Granted May 10, 1932, to

. numerous points in said gastravel area whereby the gases are caused toswirl throughout said area, against the vertical side-wall surfaces ofsaid sections in the generally-upward travel of the gases.

In witness whereof, we have subscribed our names.

JAMES PATRICK MORLEY.

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION.

Patent No.il,857,47l.

JAMES PATRICK MORLEY ET AL.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specificationof the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 9,line 16, claim l5, for the word "confer" read confine; and thatthe saidLetters Patent should be read with this correction therein that the samemay conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 21st day of June, A. D. 1932.

M. J. Moore;

(Seal) Acting Commissioner of Patents.

Granted May 10, 1932, to

